نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Production process in Iran, as in the other developing countries, involves exploiting and, at the same time, destroying the environment. Since the environmental and social problems increase in the course of development, and they are not simply solvable by law and market mechanism, observing ethics and existence of ethical markets are necessary in order for these problems to be solved. Ethical market is the place for supplying and demanding goods and services that have environmental benefits and are standard so long as the social issues are concerned. In the present article, we introduce different indexes for identifying ethical markets, and compare, in this regard, Iran with the countries mentioned in the Iran’s 20-Year Vision Plan and also with selected developed countries in 2012. Thereafter, using the software SAS and adopting principal component analysis method, we introduce a general index for ethical markets and compare Iran’s position with that of Vision Plan countries and a set of selected developed and developing countries. The results show that the environment operation index has the greatest effect on the general index of ethical markets, and good governance index takes second place. The selected countries, excluding China, are the top ranked ones in the table, and, between the Vision Plan countries, Georgia ranks first. Iran, with respect to the indexes of ethical markets, ranks low.
کلیدواژهها [English]
34. Abdallah, S.; Michaelson, J.; Shah, S., Stoll, L.; & Marks, N; The happy Planet Index; nef, 2012.
35. Abelson, R. & Nielson, K; “History of ethics”; The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 3, 1967.
36. Altman, M; “The Ethical Economy and Competitive Markets: Reconciling Altruistic, Moralistic, and Ethical Behavior with the Rational Economic Agent and Competitive Markets”; Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2005.
37. Ariztía, T.; Kleine, D.; Brightwell, M. D. G. S. L.; Agloni, N.; Afonso, R. & Bartholo, R; “Ethical Consumption in Brazil and Chile: Institutional Contexts and Development Trajectories”; Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 63, 2014.
38. Aurifeille, J.-M. & Quester, P. G; “Predicting Business Ethical Tolerance in International Markets: A Concomitant Clusterwise Regression Analysis”; International Business Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2003.
39. Dowd, K. & Burke, K. J; “The Influence of Ethical Values and Food Choice Motivations on Intentions to Purchase Sustainably Sourced Foods”; Appetite, Vol. 69, 2013.
40. Gedmin, J; The Legatum Prosperity Index; Legatum Institute, 2013.
41. Jenkins, T. N; “Economics and the Environment: A Case of Ethical Neglect”; Ecological Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1998.
42. Jolliffe, I. T; Principal Component Analysis; New York: Springer, 2002.
43. Keller, A. C; “Smith Versus Friedman: Markets and Ethics”; Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2007.
44. Langen, N; “Are Ethical Consumption and Charitable Giving Substitutes or Not? Insights into Consumers’ Coffee Choice”; Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 22, No. 5, 2011.
45. Malik, K; Human Development Report 2013; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2013
46. Marco, I.; Muñoz, F. & Vargas, M; “Do Ethical and Conventional Mutual Fund Managers Show Different Risk-Taking Behavior?”; The Spanish Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2011.
47. Nicholls MBA, A; What is the Future of Social Enterprise in Ethical Markets?; UK: Cabinet Office, 2007.
48. Rehman, S. S. & Askari, H; “An Economic IslamicityIndex”; Global Economy Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2010.
50. Roy, J. & Pal, S; “Lifestyles and Climate Change: Link Awaiting Activation”; Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2009.
51. Tasaki, T.; Kameyama, Y.; Hashimoto, S.; Moriguchi, Y. & Harasawa, H; “A Survey of National Sustainable Development Indicators”; Sustainable Development, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2010.
52. Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, Y. U.; Center for International Earth Science Information Network, C. U.; Emerson, J. W.; Levy A, M.; Esty C, D.; De Sherbinin, A.; Hsu, A.; Mara, V. & Jaiteh, M; 2012 EPI, Environmental Performance Index Pilot Trend Environmental Performance index, 2012.